Remarkable progress has been made toward HIV epidemic control in some high-burden countries, but many gaps remain. Identifying people with undiagnosed HIV infection, especially those who have been recently infected, is essential to realize the individual benefit of rapid treatment initiation and to prevent HIV transmission to others.

A new rapid HIV test that can distinguish a recent HIV-1 infection (acquired within the last 12 months) from a long-term infection now offers new opportunities to improve the health of people living with HIV and to advance public health efforts toward epidemic control.